Death Of Ivan Ilych By Tolstoy Essays - 19th-century Theatre

Death of Ivan Ilych By Tolstoy Leo Tolstoy, born in Russia in 1828, wrote The Death of Ivan Ilych. The story was written eight years after Tolstoy's spiritual conversion and was inspired by his own brother's death. The Death of Ivan Ilych has several ironies expressed in the story. Ilych expressed his denial, anger, depression and acceptance towards dying very visibly. Ilych expressed denial of his condition when he laughed about his accident. Ilych was explaining to the upholsterer how he wanted the drapes to hand and he slipped off the ladder. He hit his side against the knob of the window frame. He told his wife it was only a bruise. Since he was fairly athletic, he said he did not get seriously hurt, but if it had been any other man they might have been killed from the accident. Within a short time, Ilych's condition became more intense and it was decided that he needed a second opinion because he was not getting any better. He thought the doctor did not know what he was doing, but this was not the case. He needed an excuse for his failing health. His celebrated doctor diagnosed him basically with the same symptoms his first doctor had. This did not make Ilych very happy. Ilych was expressing more and more anger because of hid declining health. While in his home, Ilych was always blaming Praskovya, his wife for everything. At the dinner table, he complained about the food not being prepared correctly, he did not like the way his daughter's hair was styled, and he even blamed her if their son put his elbows on the dinner table. His wife suggested getting a famous specialist to come see him, regardless of the cost. Ilych said no. She kissed his forehead and said' "Good-night. Please God you'll sleep." As she kissed him, Ilych hated her so much he wanted to push her away but did not. On another occasion, Ilych was angry with everyone about everything and was upset because they did not pity him. He overheard them enjoying themselves and not including him. He was so angry and began choking with unbearable misery. He was even angry with himself and thought no man should have to suffer in this manner. He tried to calm himself and find a way to rationalize the whole situation. Ilych's condition caused him to express a great deal of depression. Deep in his heart he knew he was dying but could not get used to the fact. He began to sleep less and less and was given Opium and hypodermic shots of Morphine; the drugs did little to calm him. The special food fixed for him became tasteless and was sickening. The butler, Geraim's assistance, would make Ilych as comfortable as possible. One evening Ilych moved his legs from Gerasim's shoulders, turned on his side and felt sorry for himself. He wept like a child because of his helplessness, loneliness and anger with God. He felt God had forsaken him. Ilych lost all hope on life and was so depressed he questioned God as to why was he doing this to him. Ivan finally expressed the acceptance of his condition. He would no longer lie in bed but instead he would lie on the sofa all the time. He began to ask himself the same question over and over, "what is this? Can this be death?" His conscience, or inner voice said to him "yes, it is death." His wife began to remind him about taking his medicine. He became upset and told her, "for Christ's sake, let me die in peace!" The doctor came to visit him as scheduled and one day he told the doctor, "you know you can do nothing for me, so leave me alone." Ilych told him that he could not even ease his pain so let him be. He struggled and suffered with severe pain for three days and would scream hopelessly. Suddenly he knew what was happening to him and wanted to release himself from suffering.

Jimmy Cater essays

Jimmy Cater essays Before the 1976 election, Nixons successors attempted to restore the nations lost faith in government (as cited in Britten, and Mathless, 1998, p.46). Fords efforts to tame inflation without plunging the economy into recession failed. Society needed a noble, honest, and decent man for the next president of the United States. So in the 1976 election, Gerald Ford ran for president against Jimmy Carter, a peanut farmer from Georgia. Although unknown at first, Jimmy Carter became a tough competition to Ford with his commercials, his campaign, and his integrity. Carter had a strong symbolic position to run against everybodys invisible opponent that he was able to ride his white horse all the way to Washington. Jimmy Carters commercial relays a message of political context, appeals to his set of audience, and effects society to vote for Carter for president. From the ground floor as a peanut farmer to a chance to run for president, Jimmy Carter was heading to the top floor of the empire state building with his happy political commercial. With Carters tie with the trilateral, he received the inside track for favorable media coverage with his commercial (as cited in Shoup, 1980, internet). His commercial Essence starts off with the upbeat music symbolizing a happy, joyous man. The first second of the commercial shows Jimmy Carter shaking hands with ordinary people. Most politicians just show themselves as noble men before the election, but Carter was always a true noble man because the only dirt they found on him was the dirt under his finger nails due to farming. Another example of a key factor in his commercial is his slogan, a leader for a change. The slogan gives Carter an opportunity to convince the people through media that he was not a rustic yahoo, but a man to be taken seriously. At this time, a change in leadership wa...

Relationship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Relationship - Essay Example Because of her, I consider myself alone and this loneliness has entered into me, as it is my own part. Now, I really want to be alone most of the time without anyone disturbing me in my isolated world. There are three kinds of relationships that are assertive, aggressive and passive. I categorize my mother’s relationship with me as passive and aggressive because whenever I try to communicate with her, the end is aggression and I feel that I will go mad. I have the same attitude with my friends, as because of keeping such behavior with my mother, I have developed the same behavior for everyone trying to communicate with me. Whenever someone is unable to understand my problems, and me I get aggressive and try to run away from the place. With the continuous problematic relationship with my mother, aggression and passiveness have become part of my personality. Therefore, what defines me with my relationships is aggression and passiveness. My group members have also problems with their relationships. One of my group members informed us that she had a troubling relationship with her boss due to which, she lost her job. She hated her boss. After listening to her issue regarding her job and her strained relationship with her boss, I considered myself fortunate enough in terms of my relationship with my boss. I work on part time basis as a receptionist in a medical therapy centre. I had no experience of the job before and when I was called for interview, I was surprised as I was quite new to the job. My job responsibilities include verification of insurance of clients with the insurance company, billing the insurance and reminding the clients about their schedule. I just randomly dropped my CV for the job without anything in my mind and I got the job. My boss is kind, sympathetic, supportive and instructive. He has allowed me to work on weekends. He is also a good teacher, as he teaches me a lot. I like my job. I also do another job as an internee, however, I do not

Thief's Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thief's Journal - Essay Example Doing so, Genet has indeed succeeded in presenting to the target audience a deprived, degrading, shameless, and unethical antithesis to a world harping on moral values and restraint. Genet celebrates the privilege of a convict to inhabit a forbidden universe which only he or others like him are allowed to inhabit, where one can conveniently deny and ignore the constraints of conventional morality, by paying the price for it. Yet the seemingly ridiculous thing is that this forbidden world of the con-artists, thieves and deviants does have its own array of heroes, role models and code of ethics. This in a way makes the scope for a parallel world, which though being a filthy shadow of the real world dominated by bourgeois values, has its own ideals to be diligently pursued, records to be matched or shattered and ethics to be adhered to. However, even a careful perusal of The Thief’s Journal nudges a discriminating reader to question as to the need for this parallel or perhaps an alternate world. Perhaps this parallel world is a well planned construct of an essentially bourgeois society to create a scope for the existence of life styles and values that are either an aberration to its norms and beliefs about the concepts of sexuality, property, conduct and order. Perhaps the society deliberately wants an individual affiliated to even one of these marked or labeled aberrations, say homosexuality, lack of respect for the institution of personal property, a meditated urge to contradict or oppose church dogmas or a talent for making a living through deception to wholeheartedly subscribe to the remaining list because this bourgeois society with its bourgeois values simply could not carve out enough temporal or mental space to accommodate such a talent pool with its individual nuances and specificities. The irony is that irrespective of the best intentions of the bourgeois society, the so called deviants are more than willing to inhabit this parallel world, not onl y because it offers them a space for existence within the larger scope of the overall society, with a freedom to sanctify it with elaborate rituals and ideals, but also a liberty to assert their existence, beliefs and morals, that gets accentuated and highlighted like a sturdy and rusty nail on a whitewashed wall (Hammer 165). So, in a way, irrespective of the methodical and systematic attempts of the bourgeois society to sideline these so called deviants, it ends up doing the opposite that is to recognize and validate their existence through this moral segregation and physical incarceration. The very urge of the dominant social order to treat these deviants as different in a way recognizes, validates and perhaps sadistically celebrates their different identity. In that context, Genet does mention that submission of the deviants do plays a special role in this social recognition (Genet 150). The deviants well know that to resist will not only give an excuse to the society to be open and obvious with its ruthless and callous side, but by doing so they will also end up doing what the society wants them to do. In contrast the deviants opt for the smarter option to be submissive to the social norms, thereby putting the onus on the society to keep up with its obvious sophisticated, liberal

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 19

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Majority of these stores are found in America, and the number is 12,218 stores. China is also a lucrative market for Starbucks, and the company has opened 1,330 stores. Starbucks offers products such as cold or hot beverage, coffee, pastries, snacks, etc (Pahl, 2008). This means that the company has diversified, and this is through the many services it offers. Initially, the main reason for the formation of Starbucks was to sale the coffee drink (Simon, 2009). This diversification strategy of Starbucks is also seen when the company decided to offer wines, beer and appetizers. The target markets of these products are people who want to relax in the evenings. Pahl (2008) explains that some of the products of Starbucks are found within a particular location, and this is mainly because it offers some services and products at specific seasons. These products have also been designed, to serve a specific market. Starbucks does not only sale its coffee, in its stores, but it also sales them at various retailing organizations, and grocery stores (Pahl, 2008). Through this strategy, it is the intention of Starbucks to reach a large market base. Organizational culture is generally the unique combination of values, norms, morals, beliefs, and techniques or ways of behavior that characterizes the way individuals or large groups of individuals combine to have things done in an organization (Gurski, 2013). Schultz & Gordon (2011) explains that organizational culture is the norms and activities that people are able to engage with, within the organization. Through this definition, we are able to know that organizational culture is the internal environment of an organization, which regulates then manner which people within the organization are able to interact with one another, and other stakeholders of then organization (Michelli, 2007). Culture is very important in every company, for example

Strategies to Improve Personal Skills

Strategies to Improve Personal Skills POSITIVE ATTITUDE Whatever I want to achieve in this world one thing is very important to understand that before I reach my goal, before I set my goal or before I desire for something, it is very important to have a positive attitude, I have to get rid of the pessimist streak in me which will cause hinder the progress every time if things doesnt go my way. The positive attitude is also applicable when I am dealing with others as most of them are just like me trying to do their best. My attitude will motivate them as well, and will help me too. When I am applying for a work position, I have to research what that employer needs. Then tailor my Attitude and Approach to fit that employer. When I practice this Attitude and Approach, more often than Ill find that by helping them first, theyll be more willing to help me in return. In other words when I present myself to an employer as a person who cares about their needs, an employer is more likely to present me with what I need a job offer. TIME MANAGEMENT A time management skill is my ability to recognize and solve personal time management problems. With good time management skills I am in control of my time and my life, of my stress and energy levels. My make progress at work. I am able to maintain balance between my work, personal, and family lives. Ill have enough flexibility to respond to surprises or new opportunities. AVOID PROCRASTINATION AND LAZINESS A basic definition of procrastination is putting off the things that you should be doing now. This happens with all of us time after time. Yet, what makes a big difference for your success is your ability to recognize procrastination reasons and expressions in their different forms, and to promptly take them under control, before this bad habit steals your opportunities, damages your career and pride, or destroys your relationships. So why do not you do it now? Causes of procrastination Waiting for the right mood Waiting for the right time Lack of clear goals Underestimating the difficulty of the tasks Underestimating the time required to complete the tasks Unclear standards for the task outcomes Feeling as the tasks are imposed on you from outside Too ambiguous task METHODS TO IMPROVE PROFESSIONAL SKILL MULTITASKING I should concentrate on multitasking. Multitasking basically means where i can handle more than one task at the same time efficiently and effectively NETWORKING Networking is an intentional process of developing relationship between individual in order to exchange information, advice, resources, and support. It is a long-term investment conscious, ongoing and reciprocal. Networking is not spontaneous, unplanned or manipulative. DECISION MAKING SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES I should use my decision making skills to solve problems by selecting one course of action from several possible alternatives. Decision making skills are also a key component of time management skills. Decision Making can be hard, almost any decision involves some conflicts or dissatisfaction. The difficult part is to pick one solution where the positive outcome can outweigh possible losses. Avoiding decisions often seems easier. Yet, making my own decisions and accepting the consequences is the only way to stay in control of my time, my success, and my life, if i want to learn more on how to make a decision. TEAM WORK AND TEAM BUILDING ESSENTIALS Team building skills are critical for my effectiveness as a manager or entrepreneur. And even if I am not in a management or leadership role yet, better understanding of team work can make me a more effective employee and give me an extra edge in my corporate office. The other critical element of team work success is that all the team efforts are directed towards the same clear goals, the team goals. This relies heavily on good communication in the team and the harmony in member relationships. Some additional team building ideas, techniques, and tips I can use when managing teams in certain situation. I should make sure that the team goals are totally clear and completely understood and accepted by each team member. Make sure there is complete clarity in who is responsible for what and avoid overlapping authority. Build trust with my team members by spending one-on-one time in an atmosphere of honesty and openness. Allow my office team members build trust and openness between each other in team building activities and events. Give them some opportunities of extra social time with each other in an atmosphere that encourages open communication. Remedies to improve One at a Time: Set aside blocks of time each day to work exclusively on one specific task. With a little practice and organization, I have found that Ill be able to accomplish a lot more during these concentrated time blocks. Prioritize: To avoid procrastination and to make sure that the most important tasks get completed in a timely manner, make a list each day of which tasks need to be addressed. By working on the most important tasks in the priority order I have determine, I have a work list that will help me avoid hopping from task to task. Set Aside Time: If there are tasks i find consistently interrupting my main priorities, put limits on them. For example, break my habit of checking my email throughout the day and set aside a specific time for it in the morning, afternoon and evening. Cut out Interruptions: Reduce the likelihood of any interruptions that can get me sidetracked. If I am at my desk, working on my computer, turn off my instant messenger, lock out my email alerts and let co workers know I am busy. Divide and Conquer

Example of a perception paragraph Essay

I am discussing the wealth inequality about hos its being distributed. Distribution of wealth is one of the main problems we have in our society, and it depends on the outcome of people in the environment. I am looking at the perception, status, charity and imperialism of how the world is and can be. First, I will discuss status and Imperialism. Imperialism, as defined by the dictionary of geography, is ‘an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another. The people in power have unlimited authority because they have all the money they control the less privileged ones with less money. The perception of people about the environment on wealth distribution is one of the problems that deprives the community from improving. Charity is the practice of benevolent giving and caring. It is desirable that the earth should be peopled, governed, and developed, as far as possible, by the races which can do this work best. This are the people in high status that can make the community a better place. The focus of my paper is to discuss about how wealth should be distributed. There is no real answer to should wealth be evenly distributed or distributed according to class and status?. I picked this topic because of my experience have had with wealth in my family. I personally believe wealth should be evenly distributed. If it is evenly distributed, everybody is going to have equal opportunity in life.

Kyoto Protocol In Canada

The Kyoto Protocol has enormous implications on the greenhouse gas emissions scene in Canada and indeed all industrial countries. Its targets for reducing emissions has faced scepticism from both environmentalists who argue that it does not go far enough where as businesses and industry representatives complain over the enormous costs that will be endured in the process of achieving these targets.This essay gives a short description and background to the Kyoto protocol in the Canadian context. It then focuses on the benefits and advantages of the Kyoto protocol to Canada while the last section focuses on the disadvantages and potentially negative impact of the Kyoto protocol in Canada.BackgroundKyoto Protocol was signed in the Japanese city of Kyoto in the year 1997 between countries in order to decrease greenhouse emissions and counter climate change. The Protocol was signed a year later by Canada and formally ratified in late 2002 after a lengthy debate in the argument.The Liberal government in charge decided to decrease greenhouse emissions in the country by 6% below what they were in 1990. This was designed to occur over five years between 2008 and 2012.After the Conservative government came to power in early 2006, they called the Kyoto targets unrealistic as well as unachievable. In turn, the new government decided to focus on developing Canada’s own solutions to the problem, and decided to use the funds to improve the environment within Canada and not on global credits. It also decided to invest in the development of clean technologies.The Kyoto Protocol calls for these actions to be undertaken by national governments:Encourage Huge Final Emitter SystemAt the end of 2005 the government added greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane to the list of toxic substances. This was done under the umbrella of Canadian Environmental Protection Act in turn opening the doors to regulation.These regulations were published in 2006 as part of the Canada Gazette Part I and were followed by sector-specific greenhouse gas emissions targets. The deal was to decrease the total emissions by 45 mega tons in total.The Kyoto Promote Renewable Energy:This particular initiative offered the Wind Power Production Incentive as well as the Renewable Power Production Incentive. These initiatives included subsidy for producers of renewable energy of 1cent for ever Kwh of energy produced. These incentives were designed to decrease emissions by 15 mega tons in total.Promote Partnership FundDesigned to offer support to inter-government agreements, this fund offered cost sharing in order to sustain initiatives for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Cash was directed towards aiding the province of Ontario to close coal-fired power plants which were among the worst emitters.This had the potential to offer 10% of the reductions promised as part of Canada’s Kyoto commitment of 6%. The Partnership Fund was also to offer financial support to Quebec f or executing its own climate change plan and also to help other provinces in decreasing their own emissions. These initiatives have the potential to reduce anywhere between 55 and 85 mega tons of greenhouse emissions.Promote ProgramsThis initiative has as part of it the Ener Guide program for homes and residential estates. It also promotes incentives for motorists to adopt more energy efficiency practices.As a result of the high success rate in the Ener Guide program, the government decided to channel in another $225 million in the program as part of budget in 2005 in order to increase 4 times the number of residential properties that had been retrofitted from 125,000 to half a million.One more initiative that found a lot of success was EGLIH (Ener Guide for Low Income Households) which was started in 2006. This program was designed to pay the full cost for energy efficiency upgrades to those found to qualify as low-income households. These programs are expected to result in a net d ecrease of 40 mega tons over a period of 5 years.Promote the One-Tonne ChallengeDesigned as a public education program, it called for all Canadians to reduce their annual emissions of greenhouse gases from five tons to four tons. The exception for this program is to reduce emission by a total of 5 mega tons.Promote the Climate FundThis fund was set up to establish a permanent institution that would buy emissions reduction as well as removal credits on behalf of the federal government. The Climate Fund was to buy credits from domestic as well as international sources which were recognized as well as approved under the Kyoto Protocol. This program is expected to result in a net decrease of 75 to 115 mega tons in emissions.Negative impact of Kyoto protocolThe federal government allocated a billion dollars in the year 2003 in order to phase in the Kyoto protocol and to reach the target of cutting emissions by eight percent of the total target. Compliance of the Kyoto agreement is admini stered by an institution called Environment Canada.This particular agency funded close to a hundred and fifty million dollars or roughly eighteen percent of the annual allocation of $841 million. By employing this as the standard, the cost to administer the Kyoto agreement was put at 1.18 billion dollars and this was to be funded by collecting taxes.

Facts about the Importance of Graphene

Facts about the Importance of Graphene Graphene is a two-dimensional honeycomb arrangement of carbon atoms that is revolutionizing technology. Its discovery was so significant that it earned Russian scientists Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. Here are some reasons why graphene is important. It Is a Two-Dimensional Material. Nearly every material that we encounter is three-dimensional. We are only just beginning to understand how the properties of a material are changed when it is made into a two-dimensional array. The characteristics of graphene are very different from those of graphite, which is the corresponding three-dimensional arrangement of carbon. Studying graphene helps us to predict how other materials might behave in two-dimensional form. Graphene Has the Best Electrical Conductivity of Any Material. Electricity flows very quickly through the simple honeycomb sheet. Most conductors we encounter are metals, yet graphene is based on carbon, a nonmetal. This allows for the  development of electricity to flow under conditions where we might not want a metal. What conditions would those be? We are only just beginning to answer that question! Graphene Can Be Used to Make Very Small Devices. Graphene conducts so much electricity in so small a space that it may be used to develop miniaturized super-fast computers and transistors. These devices should require a minuscule amount of power to support them. Graphene is flexible, strong and transparent, too. Opens Research into Relativistic Quantum Mechanics. Graphene can be used to test the predictions of quantum electrodynamics. This is a new area of research  since it hasnt been easy to find a material that displays Dirac particles. The best part is, graphene isnt some exotic material. Its something anyone can make! Graphene Facts The word graphene refers to a single-layer sheet of hexagonally-arranged carbon atoms. If the graphene is in another arrangement, its usually specified. For example, bilayer graphene and multilayer graphene are other forms the material can take.Just like diamond or graphite, graphene is an allotrope of carbon. Specifically, it is made of  sp2 bonded carbon atoms that have a molecule bond length of 0.142 nm between atoms.Three of graphenes most useful properties are that it is extremely strong (100 to 300 times stronger than steel), its conductive (best-known conductor of heat at room temperature, with an electrical current density 6 order of magnitude higher than copper), and its flexible.Graphene is the thinnest and lightest material known. A 1-square-meter sheet of graphene weighs a mere 0.0077 grams, yet is capable of supporting up to four kilograms of weight.A sheet of graphene is naturally transparent. Potential Uses of Graphene Scientists are only just beginning to explore the many possible uses of graphene. Some of the technology under development includes: Ultra-fast charging of batteries.Collection of radioactive waste for easier clean-up.Faster flash memory.Stronger and better-balanced tools and sporting equipment, such as  tennis racquets.Ultra-thin touchscreens  that can be pasted onto a non-breakable material.Graphene-based e-paper that can update with new information.Quick and efficient biosensor devices 200, to measure blood glucose, cholesterol, and possibly your DNAHeadphones with  phenomenal frequency response.Supercapacitors  that essentially make batteries obsolete.Novel waterproof coatings.Bendable batteries.Stronger and lighter aircraft and armor.Aiding tissue regeneration.Purifying salt water into drinking water.Bionic devices that can connect directly to your bodys neurons.

Process Writing for ESL and EFL

Process Writing for ESL and EFL Process writing is an approach to incorporating writing skills from the very beginning of the English learning process. It was developed by Gail Heald-Taylor in her book Whole Language Strategies for ESL Students. Process writing focuses on allowing students- especially young learners- to write with plenty of room left for error. Standard correction begins slowly, and children are encouraged to communicate through writing, despite limited understanding of structure. Process writing can also be used in an adult ESL/EFL setting to encourage learners to start working on their writing skills from a beginning level. If you are teaching adults, the first thing learners need to understand is that their writing skills will be well below their native language writing skills. This seems rather obvious, but adults are often hesitant to produce written or spoken work that is not up to the same level as their native language skills. By easing your students fears about producing sub-par written work, you can help encourage them to improve their writing abilities. Only mistakes made in grammar and vocabulary that has been covered up to the current point in time should be corrected. Process writing is all about the process of writing. Students are striving to come to terms with writing in English by writing in English. Allowing for mistakes and refining based on materials covered in class- instead of perfect English- will help students incorporate skills at a natural pace, and improve their understanding of materials discussed in class in a natural progression. Here is a short overview of how you can incorporate process writing into your students learning routine. Aim: Improve writing skills from beginning levels of EnglishActivity: Process writing - journalsLevel: Beginning to advancedMaterials Needed: Notebook for each student Outline Encourage learners to write in their journal at least a few times a week. Explain the idea of process writing, and how mistakes arent important at this stage. If you are teaching higher levels, you can vary this by stating that mistakes in grammar and syntax on material not yet covered arent important  and that this will be a great way to review material covered in past levels. Students should write on the front side of each page only. Teachers will provide notes on the writing on the back. Remember to focus only on material covered in class when correctly student work. Start this activity by modeling the first journal entry as a class. Ask students to come up with various themes that could be covered in a journal (hobbies, work-related themes, observations of family and friends, etc.). Write these themes on the board. Ask each student to choose a theme and write a short journal entry based on this theme. If students do not know a particular vocabulary item, they should be encouraged to describe this item (for example, the thing which turns on the TV)  or draw the item. Collect the journals the first time in class and do a quick, superficial correction of each students journal. Ask students to rewrite their work based on your comments. After this first session, collect students workbooks once a week and correct only one piece of their writing. Ask students to rewrite this piece.

Is Marx a moral philosopher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Is Marx a moral philosopher - Essay Example As Cohen (1978, cited in Joshua, Cohan, 1982) rightly points it out; Marx was unaware of the element of morality in his philosophy. So, he failed to discuss morality. Thus, it becomes evident that morality is not at all explicit in Marxian philosophy. So, this work intends to analyze what implicit morality is inherent in Marxian philosophy. The first question addressed here is why Marx explicitly denied the applicability of morality in his philosophy. In order to understand the reason, one has to go back to the nineteenth century where, according to Marx and other critical philosophers, ‘exploitative economic arrangement’ was the major facet of the society. In that situation, morality and ethics were just false consciousness that was well-molded to fit into the exploitative regime of capitalism. So, it was necessary for him to declare that morality (as it existed in the capitalist society) does not deserve to be preserved. Instead, he declares that he would constitute morality on a new basis. Thus, it becomes evident that morality in Marxian philosophy can only be understood from the reasons he uses to declare capitalism as unjust and communism as just. As Rawls and Freeman, 2007, p. 320) describes, the very first argument put forward by Marx against capitalism is that it is based on the exploitation of the worker. In other words, he declares that capitalism is not an arena that offers mutual benefit but it involves systematic extraction of profit from one group (ibid). However, the trouble at this juncture is that Marx does not declare in clear terms that such an exchange is unjust. Instead, he declares that it is ‘by no means an injustice’ in his Capital (Marx, 1939l). In the words of Wood (1981, p.91), it is natural to see such an attitude from the part of Marx because he could not achieve a trans-epochal standpoint from where he could comment on the justice of that economic system. In other words, he was not free from the bounds of historical materialism. So, according to him, morality purely involved the stabilising of economic structure (ibid). However, a more rational explanation seems to appear from Husami (1978 ) who argues that it is possible to see that Marx thought capitalism unjust even in the absence of explicit words. It is pointed out by the scholar that for Marx, there are two sets of ideas; that of the ruling class and that of the non-ruling class. In a capitalist society, the ideas of the ruling class receive attention and approval. On the other hand, in a communist society, the ideas of the proletariat receive more attention. According to Marx, the latter is the right way (ibid); and capitalism is unjust. In addition, one can see the use of words like ‘embezzlement’, ‘robbery’ and ‘exploitation’ to explain capitalism. According to Cohen (1978, cited in Joshua, Cohan, 1982), these words are sufficient to reach the conclusion that for Marx, capitalism was unjust and hence against morality. Thus, the scholar points out that Marx, like many others, did not have adequate knowledge about his own mind. Thus, throughout the explicit response, he ma naged to avoid calling capitalism as ‘unjust’. In the words of Hampsher-Monk (1992, p. 487), the idea comes more than evident through the overall sense of the texts. At least, the analysis is sufficient to rea

George Washington Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

George Washington - Essay Example form of advice to them, to make them aware of political threats the nation might face and to make them understand the political scenario of that time. Analyzed below are the major points of his farewell address. Washington started his address by informing the public that he had declined the presidency for a third term and had decided, according to him, â€Å"to return to that retirement from which I have been reluctantly drawn† (Washington, as cited in Schmitt, 2004, para. 3). He stated how he had decided not to run the second term and how concern about the survival of the nation and his confidants had convinced him to run for the third term. At the same time, he thanked the People for the support, confidence and honor they had him entitled to. Washington urged upon the fact that the survival of the nation depended very much on the unity of people belonging to all the states. This was important to save their liberty, prosperity and independence both at home and abroad. He warned them of threats posed to their unity from internal and external enemies who wanted to destabilize the nation by alienating one state from another. He told the nation to have pride in being Americans and insisted that they should look down upon â€Å"any appellation derived from local discriminations† (as cited in Schmitt, para. 10) because all of them had to fight for the same cause with negligible discriminations of religion, color and race. He insisted that the North, South, East and West of the United States, all complemented one another in order to ensure the security against foreign attacks and sectionalists. He further suggested that only alliances could not serve the purpose as they were always subject to threats. There was the need of a government as a whole. Though the People had the authority to change the government and its constitutions, but once it was established, then it was the firm duty of the nation to obey it and respect its laws. It was their responsibility to fight